In the old Roman mindset, it is not “the Church” that is in need of reform, but its members. A Church of sinners, yes, but not a “sinful Church”. It is a way of thinking which makes reform of the Roman Curia so difficult – some might say impossible – and has created difficulties throughout the Francis pontificate.

The Pope has focused much of his energy on changing the culture and mindset in Rome, trying to move it away from being a court to being a place of service. Bishops are now more likely to talk about a Roman Curia “ready to listen”, while the Vatican’s Covid-19 commission has been coming up with innovative and creative proposals to address the effects of the pandemic. Where Francis has been more cautious is in overhauling structures. He prefers a slow, gradual approach and remains patient in the face of opposition. It is ­reminiscent of John XXIII’s maxim for ­management: “See everything. Overlook a great deal. Correct a little.”