Pope Francis personally appealled to President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro this year to encourage both leaders to normalise diplomatic relations, a senior Obama administration official said.
President Obama announced on Wednesday that the United States would restore full diplomatic relations with and open an embassy in Havana for the first time in more than half a century, after the release of an American contractor held in prison for five years.
Speaking on background, the official told reporters 17 December that the Pope followed up the personal appeals with letters to the U.S. and Cuban leaders, encouraging them to move forward on efforts to improve relations between the two countries.
The Pope's actions were part of a major diplomatic effort by the Vatican, which hosted direct talks between American and Cuban officials, the administration official said.
"That (letter) gave greater impetus and momentum for us to move forward," the administration official said.
The Pope also appealed to both countries to release Alan Gross, an American contractor for the US Agency for International Development, who had been held in a Cuban prison for five years. Gross was released on 17 December, hours before Obama announced that change in US policy toward Cuba.
The administration official also said that a US "intelligence asset" was being released after being held for 20 years in Cuba in exchange for three members of the Cuban Five, or Miami Five as they are also known, who have been imprisoned in the US for about 14 years.
The official declined to identify the US spy.
The men were members of a Cuban intelligence network in Miami known as "La Red Avispa," or "Wasp Network," dispatched by Cuba's then-President Fidel Castro in the early 1990s to infiltrate militant exile groups in South Florida, according to The Associated Press.
The policy changes included the lifting of restrictions on travel to Cuba; review of Cuba's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism; allowing the sale of telecommunications equipment to Cuba; lifting of embargoes on Cuban products in the US; and opening financial channels.
The administration official told reporters that with the changes, the US would continue to pursue efforts to promote democracy and strengthen human rights in Cuba.
"Openness is a better policy than isolation in advancing the things we care about in Cuba," the official said.
The official laid out a timeline that indicated that talks between the US and Cuba took about 18 months to evolve to the point where Obama announced a change in the American position regarding its Caribbean neighbor. The officials said talks mostly took place in Canada with one meeting occurring at the Vatican.
Obama subsequently said that the US and Cuba would begin talks to normalize relations and open an embassy in Havana for the first time in more than 50 years. Diplomatic relations between the two countries ended in 1961.
The Vatican's role in the process is linked to Obama's visit to the Vatican in March. In a meeting with the pope, the administration official said, Cuba was "a topic of discussion that got as much attention as anything they discussed."
"President Obama has enormous respect for Pope Francis and his personal engagement is important to us," the official added.
Senior Vatican officials later received US and Cuban officials together in the fall. The meeting gave representatives of both countries the opportunity to review details of their negotiations and formalize the exchange and transfer of the prisoners.
The administration official stressed that Gross' release was a humanitarian gesture by the Cuban government and was not tied to the prisoner exchange.
The official said the Vatican was the only government directly involved in talks between the two countries. Canada hosted meetings between US and Cuban officials in June 2013, but Canadian officials did not participate.
The Cuban Five were arrested on 12 September, 1998, by a heavily armed FBI SWAT team. They were convicted in 2001 in Miami on charges including conspiracy to commit murder, acting as an agent of a foreign government, and other illegal activities in the United States and failure to register as foreign agents in the U.S. and other illegal activities. Each was sentenced to four life terms plus 75 years in December 2001.
They are hailed as national heroes in Cuba, according to AP.
The five appealed their convictions. A three-judge panel of the 11th US Circuit Court of Appeals overturned their convictions in 2005, but the full court later reversed the ruling, ending the five men's bid for a new trial and reinstating the original convictions. In June 2009, the US Supreme Court declined to review the case.
Two of the five men were eventually released, one in October 2011 and the other in February of this year.
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