The once toxic relationship between Christians and Jews has benefited from 50 years of dialogue since the groundbreaking Second Vatican Council document, Nostra Aetate. Last month, scholars from both faiths met to explore the progress of the covenant the two religions have forged Nearly 50 years ago, on 28 October  1965, the publication of Nostra Aetate revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations. It terminated at a stroke a millennial teaching of contempt of Jews and Judaism and unequivocally asserted the Church’s debt to its Jewish heritage. This can be seen in phrases such as “God holds the Jews most dear” and “mutual understanding and respect”. However, the document’s possibilities were one thing, its success another, and the latter was dependent