The relationship between church leaders in England and Wales and the Vatican has fluctuated between obedience and dissent, with this paper sometimes taking sides Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman in 1850 published his pastoral letter “From Out of the Flaminian Gate”, announcing to the Catholics of England and Wales the imminent restoration of the episcopal hierarchy, headed by himself as Archbishop of Westminster. His triumphalistic declaration aroused the wrath of the political establishment and the general populace. In the short run, it led to the Ecclesiastical Titles Act, which forbade Catholic bishops from adopting territorial titles already assigned to bishops of the Church of England; it also incited anti-popery protests, arguably setting back the progress made towards the tol